indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
rabbit; hare; coney; cony; lagomorph (esp. leporids)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
counter for nights of a stay; overnight stay; lodging
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Song dynasty (China, 960-1279); Sung dynasty; Liu Song dynasty (China, 420-479); Liu Sung dynasty; Song (ancient Chinese state, 11th century-286 BCE); Sung
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
adds force or indicates command
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
building; construction; group effort by Buddhist practitioners; group activities by a community (e.g. cleaning, etc.)
children's hairstyle of short untied hair; child with short untied hair; young girl working as a servant for a high-class prostitute (Edo period); (arch.) baldness; (arch.) bald head
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more