indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
reason; cause; circumstances