indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
chief councillor of state; chief councilor of state; large-grained variety of adzuki bean
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
reason; cause; circumstances
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in that way; thus; so; so?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
now; the present time; just now; another; more
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
be that as it may; even so; though that be so
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...