indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
Heike family; Taira family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
so; like that; that's right; indeed; let me see...
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance