indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Heike family; Taira family
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
reliance; trust; faith; confidence
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
medium-ranked councillor in the Department of State
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
imperial palace; festival dolls representing the emperor and the empress
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to say; to tell; to state; to do
to attack; to assault; to assail
emperor (of Japan); mikado
presence (of a nobleman, the emperor, etc.); outrider (person riding horseback in the lead position of a cavalcade); My Lord; My Lady
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)