indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
adds force or indicates command
family; clan; sect; school; group of related sumo stables
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
split; division; break up
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to pass; to elapse; to pass through; to go through; to experience; to go through
Hōgen era (1156.4.27-1159.4.20)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
court noble; nobility; three lords and nine ministers (of the ancient Chinese government)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be affected; to be influenced; to be concerned with; to have to do with; to stick to (opinions)
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ambition; aspiration; sinister designs; treachery
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to join hands together; to join forces; to collaborate
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
decapitation; decapitated head
to order; to command; to appoint
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
coming; going; being (somewhere); come; go; stay
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to be called; to do
armed might; military power; the sword; force
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
financial power; financial means; wealth
offer; tender; providing; sponsoring (a TV program)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk