indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
retired emperor; ex-emperor; former emperor; emperor emeritus
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
river; stream; River; the ... river
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
emperor (of Japan); mikado
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
Heike family; Taira family