indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to be called; to do
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
river; stream; River; the ... river
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
Japanese sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus, esp. referring to an adult); Japanese sea bass
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
adds force or indicates command
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
Heike family; Taira family
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk