indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
retired emperor; ex-emperor; former emperor; emperor emeritus
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
emperor (of Japan); mikado
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
adds force or indicates command
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign