indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
retired emperor; ex-emperor; former emperor; emperor emeritus
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
emperor (of Japan); mikado
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
world; society; life; lifetime; age; era; reign
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
Heike family; Taira family
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
sweet-smelling; fragrant; aromatic; good (reputation, condition, results, etc.); favorable
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
adds force or indicates command
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
accession to the throne; enthronement
condition; state (of health); appearance
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case