indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
central figure; pillar (e.g. of the nation); chief; boss; master carpenter; beams and ridge supports of a roof
Heike family; Taira family
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wife; (arch.) my dear; (arch.) dear; garnish (esp. one served with sashimi); embellishment
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
adds force or indicates command
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
than; from; out of; except; but; more
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt