indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; storm (e.g. of protest)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
rebuilding; reconstruction; rehabilitation; protoform reconstruction
hills and fields; hill and dale
service; duty; business; Buddhist religious services
going west; heading westward
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up