indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to say; to be called; to do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
lovely; dear; beloved; pitiable; pitiful
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
emperor (of Japan); mikado
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
retired emperor; ex-emperor; former emperor; emperor emeritus
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something