indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to recognize; to recognise; to deem; to judge; to approve; to deem acceptable; to admit
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
senior high school; high school
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
to go out and away; to leave
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker