indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to blow (of the wind); to blow (one's breath); to breathe out; to play (a wind instrument); to blow (a whistle, trumpet, etc.); to emit (smoke, fire, etc.); to spout
had better ...; had better not ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
in that way; thus; so; so?
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
brown rat (Rattus norvegicus); common rat; dark grey (colour, color); dark gray; secret evil-doer
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
mouse; rat; dark gray; dark grey; slate (color, colour)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
sound of footsteps; sense or sign that something is approaching
all present; all concerned; all of us
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
preparation; arrangements
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to go out and away; to leave
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
(common) cold; influenza; flu; ague; inflammatory respiratory system illness (in general)
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)