indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
letter; missive; note; mail
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
fifth day of the month; five days
within; inside of; less than
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
death penalty; capital punishment
to manage; to deal with; to cope with; to sentence; to condemn; to punish
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
offender; criminal; culprit
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to snatch away; to dispossess; to steal
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
order; command; decree; (software) instruction; statement
to overturn; to capsize; to overthrow (government etc.); to reverse (decision etc.); to disprove (an established theory etc.)
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
receiving; reception; eating; drinking; please; please do for me
Dear (so and so); Dear Sir; Dear Madam; To Whom It May Concern
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation