ordinary person; untitled individual
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
permission; approval; authorization; to permit; to authorize
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
photography (still or motion); photographing; filming; shooting; (video) recording
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ward office; council (regional)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to apologize; to apologise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to accompany; to follow; to keep up with
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
no!; no no!; no, not at all
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to entangle; to entwine; to pick a quarrel; to find fault; to be involved with; to be influenced by
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
somewhere; anywhere; in some respects
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
too; also; still; as before; even so; either way
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
document; official papers
judging; inspection; examination; investigation; review
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)