indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to help; to assist; to aid; to contribute to; to be a factor in
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
don't you think?; indicates question
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to do one's best; to put forth every effort
pompadour-like hair style, popular for unmarried women in the Edo period; shimada coiffure
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
behind closed doors; behind-the-scenes; (under the veil of) secrecy
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
revealing (information, a secret, etc.); disclosure; telling; letting out
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be lucky; to be in luck; to be attached; to have; to be included
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
research society; study class (e.g. religious); seminar (e.g. presentation of research)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
alone; by oneself; on one's own
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
mission; errand; task; duty; obligation
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
all present; all concerned; all of us
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very