electrocardiogram; ECG; EKG
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thank you for your hard work; I appreciate your efforts
sincerely; earnestly; repeatedly; over and over; again and again
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
step; stride; counter for steps
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
thank you (for the meal); that was a delicious meal; thank you (for displaying lovey-dovey behaviour)
soon; shortly; before long; nearly; almost
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
enjoyment; pleasure; diversion; anticipation; looking forward to
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to tidy up; to put in order; to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); to finish; to bring something to an end
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
good-natured person; good person; (one's) lover; boyfriend; girlfriend
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...