indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
letter; missive; note; mail
to present; to submit; to tender; to hold out
head (of a household, etc.); leader; owner; proprietor; subject (of a rumour, etc.); doer (of a deed); guardian spirit (e.g. long-resident beast, usu. with mystical powers)
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
all; everything; entirety; absolutely (not); (not) at all; (none) whatsoever
unnecessary; not needed; not necessary
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to clasp; to grasp; to hold (the answer); to have (e.g. the solution); to seize (power); to hold (the reins)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
response (felt in the hands); resistance; reaction; response; effect
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
dry riverbed; river beach
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
story; tale; talk; discussion
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself