indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japanese person; Japanese people
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
accomplishment; execution
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
to make clear; to clarify; to disclose; to make public
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
truth; reality; truly; really; absolute truth
assailant; perpetrator; wrong-doer; aggressor
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
always; without exception; necessarily; certainly; without fail; positively
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
cold-hearted; callous; unfeeling; insentient (objects); insensate; inanimate
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
opossum shrimp (Mysida spp.); mysid