indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
background chatter on a film, TV show, etc.; walla; rhubard; extras; background actors
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
please remember me; please help me; please treat me well; please do; please take care of
speech; words; one's lines; remarks
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hyuganatsu (species of citrus, Citrus tamurana)
every person; every mouth; every entrance
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
little girl; maiden; young lady; (arch.) female between 17 and 20 years old (ritsuryo period)
delicious; tasty; sweet; attractive; appealing; convenient
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?