as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
stairs; stairway; staircase
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
night view; night skyline; nightscape
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
eternity; perpetuity; permanence; immortality
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
lovely; wonderful; nice; great; fantastic; superb
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
movie projector; film projector; cine projector
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
Shikoku (smallest of the four main islands of Japan)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Iyo (former province located in present-day Ehime Prefecture)
Matsuyama (city in Ehime)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
castle town; city in Japan that developed around the castle of a feudal lord
to be buried; to be covered; to overflow; to be crowded; to be repaid (e.g. debt); to be replenished
Russo-Japanese War (1904-5)
on the occasion of; at the time of
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to be called ...; to be referred to as ...
to destroy; to overthrow; to wreck; to ruin
to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to lead to (a place); to get to; in the extreme case of; (arch.) to come
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
to stand up; to put up; to thrust into; to bury into; to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to make
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you