indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
study; research; investigation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
Kōji era (1142.4.28-1144.2.23)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
brother-in-law (spouse's older brother or older sister's husband); older stepbrother
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
please (give me); please (do for me)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)