indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
myself; yourself; I; me; you
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
woman; female; feminine gender
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?