indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
doing (with resolve); carrying out (e.g. a plan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
fixed date; appointed day
immediate; prompt; quick; rapid; urgent; pressing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ceremony; matter; affair; with regard to; as for
previously; already; beforehand; in advance; for some time
guardianship; guardian; (theatrical) assistant; prompter
job; work; duties; trade; skill
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
like this; this sort; this way
state; condition; circumstances; sight; spectacle
public affairs; the court; the shogun; the shogunate
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
watching (esp. during an emergency); being on alert; guard; watchmen
to hinder; to obstruct; to adversely affect
patrolling; one's rounds; inspection tour; watchman; patrolman
feudal retainer or warrior
to increase; to add to; to augment
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
essential; important; crucial; vital; main
(Edo-period) town magistrate
insubordination; outlawry
to become frightened; to be frightened (of); to be scared (of)