indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
like-mindedness; (being of the) same mind; shared sentiment; comrade; fellow; kindred soul
member of an assembly; member of the Diet; member of parliament; member of Congress
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
student (esp. a university student)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
pupil; student; schoolchild
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain; mine; colliery; owner of a mountain; operator of a mine
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade