indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
all present; all concerned; all of us
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
wicket gate; wooden door; entrance to an entertainment venue (i.e. sumo arena, etc.)
Kumamoto (city, prefecture)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Kagoshima (city, prefecture)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)