war; fighting; fierce competition
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
door; gate; opening; title page
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
fabric; cloth; textiles; measure of kimono material
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
suffering; distress; hardship; trial
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
how; in what way; how about; questionable
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
88 years old; (arch.) rice
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
land near a castle; castle town
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
peak; summit; ridge; back of a blade
one's turn; one's shift; one's turn on stage; screen time; screentime
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
amount necessary to fill a container (e.g. cupful, spoonful, etc.); drink (usu. alcoholic); full; one squid, octopus, crab, etc.; one boat; fully; to capacity
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
how; in what way; how about
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
samurai; warrior; military family
coming out; going out; attending (work); appearing (on stage); start; beginning; origins
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thousand years; very long period; forever