indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
ball; sphere; bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; ball (in sports); pile (of noodles, etc.); bullet
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
bombarding; shelling; bombardment
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
already; now; by this time; quick; early; fast
gun; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
adds force or indicates command
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing