indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
lion; left-hand guardian dog at a Shinto shrine
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
all present; all concerned; all of us
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
equinoctial week (when Buddhist services are held); Buddhist services during the equinoctial week; nirvana
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
gun; wooden pole that wrestlers strike in practice; puffer fish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all