indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
all present; all concerned; all of us
land near a castle; castle town
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
going into battle; departure for the front
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
seeming; giving the appearance of; giving one the feeling of
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
adds force or indicates command
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...