indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Ōu (the two former provinces of Mutsu and Dewa); Tōhoku
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
river; stream; River; the ... river
88 years old; (arch.) rice
adds force or indicates command
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
various fiefdoms; various domains
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
now; the present time; just now; another; more