indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
Satsuma (former province located in the west of present-day Kagoshima Prefecture); sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
(sound of a) gunshot; (gun) report
blind female beggar who sings or plays shamisen
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
all present; all concerned; all of us
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
easy; likely to ...; have a tendency to ...; easy to ...
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
wood; woods; forest; bunch (of something); cluster; line
Metropolis (of Tokyo); (Tokyo) Metropolitan District; counter for cities and towns; capital
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
emphasizes direct object of action
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
bird; bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry