Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
one day; (on) a certain day
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
fine food; high-quality food; gourmet; epicure; gastronome
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
country in civil war; country disarrayed by war; Warring States period (Japan, China); competition in which there are several evenly matched participants; hotly contested game (match, market, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to live through; to survive
heroic; fierce; grand; sublime; magnificent
story; tale; narrative; account; fable; legend
to burn down (to the ground); to clear away by burning; to reduce to ashes; to burn off
thunder; thunderclap; crash of thunder
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
by means of; due to; because of; according to
cold-hearted; callous; unfeeling; insentient (objects); insensate; inanimate
setting on fire; setting afire
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
Kinoshita Toukichirō (1920.3.25-)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
mansion; palace; (arch.) nobleman; (arch.) noblewoman; (arch.) temporary residence
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
at least; at most; (even) just
woman; female; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook