to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
serving (of food); helping; chilled soba served on a dish (often on a wicker basket or in a shallow steaming basket) with dipping sauce
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
frantic; frenetic; inevitable death; brinkmate (inevitable checkmate)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
time; hour; period; class
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
television; TV; TV program; TV programme; TV broadcast
network; Internet; net (hair, netball, etc.); net (price, weight, etc.); nett
endurance; patience; perseverance; self-control; self-restraint
mock exam; practice exam; practice test
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
perfect; complete; flawless
state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
taking a junior high-school entrance examination
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
so; like this; in this way
to take (a resource, e.g. time or money); to hang; to come into view; to arrive; to come under (a contract, a tax); to start (engines, motors); to attend
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
life; living; I; me; student
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to go to and from (a place); to go back and forth between; to go to (school, work, etc.); to attend; to circulate (e.g. blood, electricity); to be communicated (e.g. thought)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
to take out a loan; to get a loan