Kinki (region around Osaka, Kyoto, Nara)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
independent; unaffiliated; self-funding
oil; petroleum; kerosene; paraffin
development; exploitation
company; corporation; workplace
oil; petroleum; oil; lubricant; (cooking) oil; (massage) oil; ointment
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
another company; other company
bidding price; price tendered
to concern; to be related
information; news; intelligence; information; data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to need; to call for; to require
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
king; queen; monarch; the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.); the throne
close associate; close aide; brains-truster
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to determine (esp. a culprit or underlying cause); to pin down; to ascertain; (arch.) to stab to death
cooperation; collaboration
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
meeting (face-to-face); seeing; visit; interview
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
to furnish; to install; to get someone's agreement; to patronize; to buy usually from the same store
to be able (to); to be possible (to)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
designation; specification; assignment; appointment; pointing at
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
Soviet Union; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; USSR
Siberia; cake made with layers of sweet bean paste and sponge cake