indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
oil; petroleum; kerosene; paraffin
international; diplomatic intercourse
related to; in relation to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Kinki (region around Osaka, Kyoto, Nara)
company; firm; (Shinto) shrine; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.; incorporated body
union; combination; association; RENGO (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
investment; contribution; financing
ratio; proportion; percentage
plot; intrigue; scheme; conspiracy
by means of; due to; because of; according to
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
withdrawal; secession; separation; breakaway
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
independent; unaffiliated; self-funding
development; cultivation; application; exploitation (of resources)
company; corporation; firm; one's workplace
oil; petroleum; oil; lubricant; (cooking) oil; (massage) oil; ointment
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to cross (legs or arms); to link (arms); to put together; to construct; to braid; to plait; to grapple
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
participation; joining; entry
intention; wish; purpose; mind (to do)
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally