indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
foxtail millet (Setaria italica); Italian millet (also Hungarian, German)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
surgery; operation; procedure; skill with one's hands; sleight of hand
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
swan (Cygnus spp.); white-feathered bird
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
professor; teaching; instruction
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
honorific/polite/humble prefix
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata)
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
muscle; tendon; vein; artery; fiber; fibre; line
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny