indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
suffix for familiar person
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
thin-culmed dwarf bamboo (growing in clusters); Japanese transverse bamboo flute (high-pitched; usu. with seven holes); sliver (strand of loose fibers)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
(one's) older brother; lad; sonny
in that way; thus; so; so?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that