indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
suffix for familiar person
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
no!; no no!; no, not at all
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
cheers; bottoms-up; toast; drink (in celebration or in honor of something); drinking one's glass dry
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")