childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
elder brother; big brother; one's senior; one's elder; old ingredients; stale ingredients
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
already; yet; soon; shortly; further; more
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
suffix for familiar person
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
Mr; master; Ms; miss; (arch.) sir; (arch.) madam
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to go out and away; to leave
wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for; I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
properly; accurately; exactly; neatly; tidily; orderly
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to recall; to remember; to recollect
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all; entire; whole; altogether
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
he; she; that person; (arch.) you