childhood friend; friend from infancy; old playmate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
suffix for familiar person
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to part (usu. of people); to part from; to separate (of a couple); to break up; to lose (e.g. one's mother); to be bereaved
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
by all means; at any cost; whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; on no account; by no means
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to go out and away; to leave
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
properly; accurately; exactly; neatly; tidily; orderly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
to recall; to remember; to recollect
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
all; entire; whole; altogether
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to begin to say; to start talking; to broach (a matter); to be the first to say; to suggest (doing); to propose
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
he; she; that person; (arch.) you