indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
will; resolution; kindness; goodwill; gift (as a token of gratitude)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
adds force or indicates command
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
securing; obtaining; ensuring; belay; belaying
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah