indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
original; primitive; primary; fundamental; raw
conical hat (East-Asian style); coolie hat; something shaped like a conical hat or an umbrella; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
judging; inspection; examination; investigation; review
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
please (give me); please (do for me)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to brew (sake, etc.); to cause; to bring on; to bring about
kusaya; brined, sun-dried fish (usu. mackerel scad) which has a very pungent smell