indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon