sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to become loose; to slacken (e.g. rope); to become less tense; to relax; to slacken (e.g. coldness, supervision); to become lax; to become softer (e.g. ground, facial expression)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
rolling stock; railroad cars; wheeled vehicles
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
strangeness; abnormality; disorder
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
time; hour; period; class
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in comparison to; rather than
previously; before; first; before (something or someone else); beforehand; in advance
chain (bicycle, measuring, tire, etc.); chain (store, hotel, etc.)
concealment; suppression; hiding
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
zero; 0; nought; nothing; zilch
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
implementation (e.g. of a system); materialization; materialisation; realization; realisation; actualization
host (of a party, summit, etc.); host (of male host club)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
violent conduct; misconduct; dissipation; profligacy; debauchery
massive failure; debacle; fiasco
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")