house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
end; finish; bounds; limits; delivery date (of a futures contract); finale (of a noh song); end of an act (in jōruri or kabuki)
break in contact; not hearing from; having no communication with
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
under (guidance, supervision, rules, the law, etc.); under (a flag, the sun, etc.); beneath; with (e.g. one blow); on (the promise, condition, assumption, etc. that ...); (somebody's) side
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to visit; to call on; to pay a visit to
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Heisei era (1989.1.8-2019.4.30)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (1871-2001)
to tie; to bind; to fasten; to restrict (freedom); to tie down (with rules, regulations, etc.); to fetter
establishment; founding; organization; organisation
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
private (non-governmental) school (college, university)
entering (the marketplace); introducing (something) to the market; access; visiting a high-class or noble individual
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
extraordinary; preposterous; outrageous; absurd
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
finally; at last; in the end; after all; never (happened)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
plan; project; schedule; scheme; program; programme
as usual; as always; as before; as ever; still