indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
grandfather (may be used after name as honorific); male senior-citizen (may be used after name as honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
tradition; legend; folklore
cram school; private tutoring school; juku
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet (by chance); to come across; to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.); to emerge and engage (an enemy)
cram school; private tutoring school
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
each (person); individually; one by one; one at a time; in turn
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
handmade; homegrown; hand-crafted; homemade
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
everyone; anyone; no one; nobody
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
to come off; to be removed; to disappear (of pain, a fever, etc.); to be caught; to be harvested; to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as)
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
on good terms with; on cordial terms with; getting along well with; to make friends with; to be good friends with; to get along with
family; members of a family
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless
no!; no no!; no, not at all
no!; no no!; no, not at all