indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
cherry tree; cherry blossom; fake buyer; paid audience; hired applauder; horse meat
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in that way; thus; so; so?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest