here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
receiving; reception; eating; drinking; please; please do for me
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
thank you for waiting; sorry to have kept you waiting
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
to be attached; to be connected with; to remain imprinted; to scar; to bear (fruit, interest, etc.); to be acquired (of a habit, ability, etc.); to increase (of strength, etc.)